语言:英语
网址:http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521853606
类别:电子图书
【中文名】《新编剑桥中世纪史》
【英文名】The New Cambridge Medieval History
【出版】剑桥大学出版
【ISBN】978-0521853606
【页数】共8186页,7卷8册,第4卷分两册。
【作者】
Rosamond McKitterick
University of Cambridge
Timothy Reuter
David Luscombe
Jonathan Riley-Smith
David Abulafia
Michael Jones
Christopher Allmand
【简介】
历 史研究的目的,是要使研究成果越来越接近于历史的真实,因此历史是需要不断重新认识的。这是一切严谨的历史学家的共识。当历史研究的现时兴趣不断变化,研 究领域不断拓展,新的史实资料不断发掘,新的研究方法不断涌现时,原有的历史著述就有不断修订的必要。历史研究者理论视野的扩大和学术交流的加强,甚至学 术活动范围的扩展,也促使他们对原有的历史描述和历史结论不断进行新的思索。《新编剑桥中世纪史》各卷近年陆续出版,即反映了西方史学界这种与时俱进的科 学态度。
《剑桥中世纪史》第一至八卷在1911年至1936年间出版。此后虽有略加修改的多次重印本,但无论从观点思想还是从行文版式看,都与时代要求相距甚远。因此早在80年代后期,西方史学界就酝酿重编事宜,90年代组织作者队伍着手撰写《新编剑桥中世纪史》
与老版《剑桥中世纪史》相比较,无论是编写体例、作者队伍,还是基本观点、研究方法,《新编剑桥中世纪史》都有许多新的特点。
其一,不再赋予各卷以一个主题,而只用年代来划分历史时期并作为分卷标准。
在 老版《剑桥中世纪史》中,各卷虽然都按照历史时间顺序来安排,但又都被置于一个主题之下,这从各卷的副标题即可看出:第一卷,罗马基督教帝国与日耳曼各王 国的建立;第二卷,萨拉森人的兴起和西方帝国的建立;第三卷,日耳曼人和西方帝国;第四卷,拜占庭帝国;第五卷,帝国和教皇之争;第六卷,教皇制的胜利; 第七卷,帝国和教皇制的衰落;第八卷,中世纪的结束。全书八卷俨然一部欧洲帝国、王国、教会和教皇制兴衰史。作为一部典型的传统政治史之作,或许它符合 20世纪初期西方学界和社会对中世纪历史的认识水平,但今天若仍然这样去构建叙述框架,那么即使重修也没有什么意义。因此,尽管老版书被不断修订, [1] 但始终未能适应现时的社会趋势和学界需要。
《新编剑桥中世纪史》共7卷8册,比老版《剑桥中世纪史》少了一卷,但它并不是简单地 将哪一卷去掉,而是重新组合。第一,把老版第一卷去掉,因为其内容与《剑桥古代史》第二版第十三卷《晚期罗马帝国,公元337—425年》(1998年出 版)、第十四卷《晚期古典帝国及后继者,公元425—600年》(2000年出版)完全重复。第二,老版第二、三卷叙述的历史时期(公元500—1000 年),新编本安排头三卷重新编写,叙述内容有较多扩大,在全书中比重大为上升。第三,把老版中专论拜占庭的第四卷去掉,内容融入相关各卷。
《新 编剑桥中世纪史》以时间为基本界限来规划各卷的写作,起止年代即是各卷的副标题。所有七卷是:第一卷,约500年—约700年,计划于2005年3月出 版,主编保罗·佛拉克里(Paul Fouracre);第二卷,约700年—约900年,1995年出版,主编罗萨蒙德·麦吉特立克(Rosamond Mckitterick),剑桥大学中世纪早期欧洲史教授;第三卷,约900年—约1024年,1999年出版,主编狄莫西·汝特尔(Timothy Reuter), 南安普敦大学密德兰史教授;第四卷,约1024年—约1198年,计划于2004年7月出版,主编戴维·拉斯坎姆(David Luscombe)和约纳舍恩·莱里—史密斯(Jonathan Riley-Smith);第五卷,约1198年—约1300年,1999年出版,主编戴维·阿卜拉菲亚(David Abulafia), 剑桥大学地中海史教授;第六卷,约1300年—约1415年,2000年出版,主编米凯尔·琼斯(Michael Jones), 诺丁汉大学中世纪法国史教授;第七卷,约1415年—约1500年,1998年出版,主编克里斯托弗·阿尔曼德(Christopher Allmand), 利物浦大学中世纪史教授。
可以看出,各卷选定的起止年代并非极端严格,对此作者自然有一定的考虑。其实,起止年代如 何选定并不特别重要,可以找一些标志性事件,也可以不找事件作标志,问题的关键在于这种被两个时间圈定的历史时期,应该有着不同于前后时期的基本面貌特 征。理论上说,所有的人类活动都可进入历史描述和分析的范围,但写作过程中又必须紧扣住最能说明各个时期社会面貌的那些方面,否则就会芜杂不清,主次不 分。同时也必须看到,这些方面又多是作为长时段的趋势在表现着,不是一种人为的时断能局限得了的,因此又不能将时间断限绝对化。《新编剑桥中世纪史》注意 到了这些。各卷内均分成专题进行集中论述,同时又不将年代绝对化,而是略为上延下伸。这样一来,各卷的中心主线似乎比老版更为清晰,一读目录就能使人一目 了然。而老版各卷虽然都有主题,但卷内分章过多过细,又不列专题,过于繁杂,光目录就给人臃肿之感。总之,在编写体例和篇章编排上,《新编剑桥中世纪史》 体现了对老版的技高一筹。
其二,突破了传统政治史的旧框架,试图构架“全面”的历史,编纂新政治史。
老版《剑桥中世纪 史》出版时的20世纪初期,正是兰克学派在欧美大行其道并被尊为西方史学正统的时候,“剑桥三史”就是这种史学的产物。兰克客观主义批判史学在史学方法上 确有可取之处,它重视原始材料,注重史料来源的可靠性(所谓批判),这是历史研究的基本立足点,但其客观性则可大加质疑。它声称研究历史没有现实目的,只 是恢复历史本身面目而已,但在实际中它却是一种“官房史学”,是“倚着内阁的窗口看历史”。选择历史研究的对象时,它主要只对政治史感兴趣,而且只对帝 国、王国、教会、诸侯、战争等外在的政治史感兴趣。《剑桥中世纪史》没有脱离这一传统,它记述的多是那种改朝换代、军事征伐、宗教纷争、教俗之争之类事 件。那些能影响历史发展趋势的经济、社会、思想和文化等方面,以及那些也当属于政治史的较深层次的政治制度史、政治思想史、政治文化史等,却不能在作者笔 下得到充分体现。其实,当时英国已从19世纪后期兴起了经济史研究热潮,罗杰斯、昂温、托尼等人在这方面取得了令人瞩目的成就,《剑桥中世纪史》似乎熟视 无睹。美国的“新史学”、法国的年鉴学派已然兴起,改变传统政治史,重视社会、经济、精神、文化史的呼声日高,《剑桥中世纪史》也无动于衷,对新的史学思 想不屑一顾。
《新编剑桥中世纪史》改变了这一落伍的历史观。这是时代发展的结果。老版《剑桥中世纪史》问世近一个世纪来,人间变化无数, 学术界包括史学界更是气象一新。新的历史思想和历史研究方法被越来越多的史学家所推崇,研究和撰写“全面的历史”已成为国际史学界的共识。《新编剑桥中世 纪史》顺应了这一学术潮流,虽然从分工角度仍以描述政治史为主,但已将经济、社会、精神、文化等纳入了论述范围,并探索隐含在它们之间的内在逻辑联系;在 政治史中更注重制度和思想的探讨和分析,编纂新政治史。各卷均反映了这几点。
如第二卷叙述公元8、9两个世纪的欧洲历史。这是法兰克查理 大帝国从兴起到分裂的时期,这个帝国曾被当时人认为是古代罗马帝国的恢复,因而政治史无疑占有重要地位,但作者并不就此止步,而是从外在的政治史继续深入 到政治机构和政治制度层面,“考察统治者与被统治者的相互关系,考察权力和权威怎样行使,考察它们对作为一个整体的欧洲的社会和文化影响” [2] ;阐述教会史时又特别注意到它与社会的关系;同时将文化和知识列为专题,讨论“加洛林文艺复兴”等问题。
第三卷叙述公元10世纪至11世 纪初期的欧洲历史,这是封建主义生产方式(即庄园制)在欧洲最终确立、而封建国家政治却又相对弱化的时期。作者注意到了这种变化,因而首先探讨了社会和经 济问题,阐述了发生在乡村的变化,阐述了城市工商业兴起这一新的社会经济现象,以及新的知识与艺术活动。随后叙述政治史时将欧洲各地区以是否属于前查理帝 国而分开论述,更利于分析各个地区政治发展的不同历史背景和联系。
第五卷叙述公元13世纪的欧洲历史。这个世纪历来被认为是欧洲中世纪历 史发展的高峰或鼎盛期,尤其是社会和经济方面,因此作者一开篇就在前几章论述社会和经济问题;第四部分专论意大利,也与意大利城市国家引人注目的发展有 关,更何况意大利人从事的地中海东方贸易对欧洲具有生命线意义。至于政治史,教会和教皇的权势在13世纪初期即达到了巅峰,致使该世纪的欧洲政治呈现教权 强化、俗权弱化的局面,因此该卷在政治史上的叙述次序也是先教会,后世俗王国,再是欧洲在地理上的小扩张。
----来源:经济社会史评论 作者:刘景华
【评论】
引用
"Every academic library supporting a history curriculum, and every large public library, should have a tleast one set in the circulating or reference colllections..." --American Reference Books Annual
引用
Written by leading international scholars and incorporating the very latest research, the Cambridge Medieval History is the essential reference tool for anyone interested in the medieval world. Originally published between 1911 and 1936, and now out of print, it has been replaced by The New Cambridge Medieval History which presents a reliable, detailed history from late antiquity to c. 1500. Published in seven volumes, with Volume IV divided into two parts, it provides a unique, authoritative guide to medieval life and thought.
目录:
Volume 1: c.500-c.700
The first volume of The New Cambridge Medieval History covers the transitional period between the later Roman world and the early middle ages, c. 500 to c. 700. This was an era of developing consciousness and profound change in Europe, Byzantium and the Arab world, an era in which the foundations of medieval society were laid and to which many of our modern myths of national and religious identity can be traced. This book offers a comprehensive regional survey of the sixth and seventh centuries, from Ireland in the west to the rise of Islam in the Middle East, and from Scandinavia in the north to the Mediterranean south. It explores the key themes pinning together the history of this period, from kingship, trade and the church, to art, architecture and education. It represents both an invaluable conspectus of current scholarship and an expert introduction to the period.
Volume 2: c.700-c.900
This volume of The New Cambridge Medieval History covers most of the period of Frankish and Carolingian dominance in western Europe. It was one of remarkable political and cultural coherence, combined with crucial, very diverse and formative developments in every sphere of life. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, the authors examine the interaction between rulers and ruled, how power and authority actually worked, and the society and culture of Europe as a whole. The volume is divided into four parts. Part I encompasses the events and political developments in the whole of the British Isles, the west and east Frankish kingdoms, Scandinavia, the Slavic and Balkan regions, Spain, Italy, and those aspects of Byzantine and Muslim history which impinged on the west between c. 700 and c. 900. Parts II, III and IV cover themes and topics concerning church and society, and cultural and intellectual developments.
Volume 3: c.900-c.1024
The period of the tenth and early eleventh centuries was crucial in the formation of Europe, much of whose political geography and larger-scale divisions began to take shape at that time. It was also an era of great fragmentation, and hence of differences that have been magnified by modern national historiographical traditions. This volume of The New Cambridge Medieval History reflects these varying traditions, and provides an authoritative survey in its own terms. The volume is divided into three sections: general themes, the former Carolingian lands, and areas farther afield.
Volume 4, Part 1: c.1024-c.1198
The fourth volume of The New Cambridge Medieval History covers the eleventh and twelfth centuries, which comprised the most dynamic period in the European Middle Ages. The first of two parts, this volume deals with ecclesiastical and secular themes, in addition to major developments such as the expansion of population, agriculture, trade, and towns; the radical reform of the Western Church; the appearance of new kingdoms and states, the Crusades, knighthood and law; and the development of literature, art and architecture, heresies and the scholastic movement.
Volume 4, Part 2: c.1024-c.1198
The second part of the volume is about the course of events--ecclesiastical and secular--with regard to the papacy, the western empire (mainly Germany), Italy, France, Spain, the British Isles, Scandinavia, Hungary, Poland, the Byzantine empire and the settlements in Palestine and Syria established by the crusades and their Muslim neighbors.
Volume 5: c.1198-c.1300
Volume 5 brings together studies of the political, religious, social and economic history of the whole of Europe and of the Mediterranean world between about 1198 and 1300. Comprehensive coverage of the developments in western Europe is balanced by attention to the east of Europe, including the Byzantine world, and the Islamic lands in Spain, north Africa and the Levant. Thematic articles look at the fine arts, the vernacular, communications and other aspects of a period in which the frontiers of Latin Christendom were expanding vigorously outward. Attention also is paid to the frontier societies that emerged in Spain, the Baltic and the Mediterranean islands.
Volume 6: c.1300-c.1415
The sixth volume of The New Cambridge Medieval History offers an authoritative synthesis of the major themes in European fourteenth-century history, written by leading British, continental and American scholars. It provides a wide-ranging account of a period of major social, political and cultural change, punctuated by the greatest natural disaster experienced by mankind, the Black Death. Illustrated by maps, figures and plates, and furnished with detailed bibliographies, it will be indispensable to anyone interested in the development of Christendom during the period and its relations with other civilizations.
Volume 7: c.1415-c.1500
This seventh volume of The New Cambridge Medieval History covers the last century (interpreted broadly) of the traditional Western Middle Ages. It takes account of much new research and modern, interdisciplinary approaches to the study and writing of history to present a broad view of late medieval society across Europe. It deals with ideas about government, social and economic change and development, the world of the spirit, as well as the history of individual countries, in many of which the powers of central government were greatly extended.